除镉最佳混凝剂的筛选及应用条件研究

通过采用聚合氯化铝铁（PAFC）、氯化铁（FeCl3）及聚合硫酸铁（PFS）对含镉废水的处理研究表明,三种混凝剂对含镉水体均有良好的处理效果,同等条件下,三种混凝剂对含镉水体去除率分别为98.22%、92.19%和93.63%。研究了PAFC对含镉水体的混凝沉淀效果,实验结果表明：碱性条件有利于镉离子的沉淀,当pH为9～11时,去除率可达98.00%左右;对于初始浓度为4.000 0 mg.L-1的含镉废水,经处理后,水体浓度可降至0.184 0 mg.L-1,对于初始浓度为0.400 0 mg.L-1的含镉废水,经处理后水体浓度降至0.007 2 mg.L-1;废水中投加一定量的石灰乳对PAFC除镉起一定的作用,投加量达30.00 mg.L-1时,其去除率达99.91%;通过对PAFC除镉动力学拟合,符合一级线性动力学方程。     

博斯腾湖夏季水下光场特征分析及影响因素探讨

2011年8月,在新疆博斯腾湖17个站点进行水样采集,同步对11个站点进行水下光场原位测定.结果发现,博斯腾湖夏季总颗粒物吸收系数光谱表现出明显的浮游植物吸收特征,而浮游植物光谱曲线有明显的硅藻吸收光谱特征.在光合有效辐射波段,有色可溶性有机物（CDOM）吸收系数与浮游植物吸收系数对总吸收的贡献相当,而非色素颗粒物对总吸收的贡献最低.水下光谱衰减系数的最小值出现在580nm左右的绿光波段,PAR漫射衰减系数平均值为0.53m-1,平均真光层深度约为9.69m,大于湖水平均深度.在博斯腾湖虽然纯水和CDOM在总吸收中占有很重要的部分,但主导漫射衰减的因子仍为颗粒物.通过本文研究,以期能为干旱地区湖泊环境保护和水质遥感监测提供数据和理论基础.     

污泥活性炭理化性质表征及吸附抗生素效果研究

文章以北京方庄污水处理厂的浓缩和脱水污泥为原料,采用ZnCl2活化法分别制备污泥活性炭。对制得的污泥活性炭进行表征,并将其应用于加替沙星废水的处理。研究2种污泥活性炭吸附反应的吸附时间、吸附剂投加量、pH值、初始浓度4个因子对吸附量的影响,设计正交实验。正交实验结果表明:2种污泥活性炭受到4个因子影响程度相当,表现出明显的相似性,但短期吸附时,脱水污泥表现出更好的吸附性能。初始浓度对吸附量的影响最大,获得最大吸附量的条件组合为:初始浓度200 mg/L,投加量0.05 g,pH=9,t=2 h。浓缩和脱水污泥活性炭的最大吸附量分别可达34.541 mg/g和34.925 mg/g,表明2种污泥活性炭对加替沙星均有良好的吸附效果。污泥活性炭作为一种废水吸附剂,是废水处理的一种新途径。     

城市内河沉积物中反硝化作用的研究进展

沉积物是水环境的重要组成部分,它作为污染物的"汇"与"源",在外源污染有效控制后,城市内河沉积物将成为引发水体富营养化和黑臭现象的重要原因。反硝化作用是氮生物地球化学循环中的核心环节,是去除氮污染的重要途径。文章综述了城市内河沉积物中氮的生物地球化学循环及反硝化作用,着重介绍了测定反硝化速率的不同方法以及其优缺点,同时总结了影响反硝化作用的主要因素如DO浓度、有机质、温度、pH、NO3-等,并提出了该方向今后进一步研究的重点和发展趋势。     

智能化有害有毒气体污染源监测仪的研究

为了快速寻找有害有毒气体污染源,利用8个红外激光气体传感器,分别安装步进电机驱动旋转的圆盘圆周上在不同的方向上对污染气体进行数据采集。同时与二维热差式风速风向传感器采集到的风速风向数据,一并送入MSC1210单片机进行数据处理和运用智能人工神经网络进行模式训练与模式识别,从而识别出污染源的位置、浓度和种类。通过GPS全球卫星定位系统和GPRS无线传输网络,把监测到的信息发送给相关部门早做处理,并报警,避免污染进一步扩散。实验表明,该智能化追索气体污染源监测仪具有良好的可靠性、安全性和实用性。     

借鉴国外经验建立与完善我国低碳产品认证制度

面对全球日益兴起的“低碳经济”理念,包括我国在内的很多国家都将其作为转变经济发展方式实现绿色发展的契机。低碳产品认证是推进中国低碳经济走向绿色发展的重要举措。本文通过借鉴国外低碳产品认证的经验,提出应从关注环境保护与气候变化协同效应、选择适合的产品类型、逐渐实现产品生命周期碳排放管理等方面提升和推动我国低碳产品认证工作的发展。     

Fatty acids and algal lipids as precursors of chlorination by-products

Six common algal fatty acids (FAs) with different numbers of double bonds, lipophilic fractions and proteins extracted from the diatom Navicula pelliculosa and algal cells were chlorinated to evaluate their potential in generating disinfection by-products (DBPs). The result showed that the more double bonds in the FAs, the higher the amounts of chloroform and dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) produced, but such a pattern was not observed for trichloroacetic acid (TCAA). Based on the previously reported composition of fatty acids in algal lipids, the DBP generation potentials of algal lipids were calculated. These predicted values were much lower than those measured in the chlorinated algal lipophilic fraction, suggesting unknown lipophilic fraction(s) served as potent DBPs precursors. Another calculation attempted to predict DBP production in algal cells based on algal lipid and protein composition, given quantified measured DBP production per unit algal lipid and proteins. The analysis showed that the observed DBP production was similar to that predicted (< 35% difference), suggesting that algal biochemical compositions may serve as a bioindicator for preliminary estimation of chloroform, DCAA and TCAA formation upon chlorinating algae.     

Characterizing the optimal operation of photocatalytic degradation of BDE-209 by nano-sized TiO2

Brominated flame retardants have been widely used in industry. There is a rapid growing public concern for their availabilities in the environment. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is a promising and efficient technology which may be used to remove emerging chemicals such as brominated flame retardants. This project aims at investigating optimal operational conditions for the removal of BDE-209 using nano-scaled titanium(IV) oxide. The residual PBDE congeners after photocatalytical degradation of BDE-209 by TiO₂ were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). It was found that the degradability of BDE-209 by TiO₂ was attributed to its photocatalytic activity but not the small size of the particles. The half-life of removing BDE-209 by TiO₂ was 3.05 days under visible light. Tetra- and penta-BDEs were the major degraded products of BDE-209. Optimum conditions for photocatalytical degradation of BDE-209 was found to be at pH 12 (93% ± 1%), 5, 10, 20 mg/L (93.0% ± 1.70%, 91.6% ± 3.21%, 91.9% ± 0.952%, respectively), respectively of humic acid and in the form of anatase/rutile TiO₂ (82% ± 3%). Hence, the efficiency of removing BDE-209 can be maximized while being cost effective at the said operating conditions.     

Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): Effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH

An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.